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Known as “Lord Baltimore’s map,” this 1671 map shows Maryland and Northern Virginia, and includes the Calvert family crest, Created by John Ogilby.

Known as “Lord Baltimore’s map,” this 1671 map shows Maryland and Northern Virginia and includes the Calvert family crest, Created by John Ogilby. Courtesy of the Maryland Center for History and Culture.

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Portrait of Margaret Tilghman Carroll with the garden front of Mount Clare, by Charles Willson Peale, 1770. Courtesy of NSCDA-MD.

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Portrait of Charles Carroll, Barrister, with portico columns from the carriage front of Mount Clare, 1770, by Charles Willson Peale. Courtesy of NSCDA-MD.

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Gardener from The Book of Trades, or, Library of the Useful Arts, 1815. Courtesy of the Smithsonian Libraries.

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Auction sale of men.

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Unpaid workers

Working conditions varied widely. Many resisted in small and large ways. Most endured through determination and resilience.